Biography of Stalin

Joseph Stalin (birth surname: Jughashvili; 18 December 1878[1] – 5 March 1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Holding the post of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was effectively the dictator of the state.

Stalin was one of the seven members of the first Politburo, founded in 1917 in order to manage the Bolshevik Revolution, alongside Lenin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Trotsky, Sokolnikov and Bubnov.[2] Among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who took part in the Russian Revolution of 1917, Stalin was appointed General Secretary of the party's Central Committee in 1922. He subsequently managed to consolidate power following the 1924 death of Vladimir Lenin by suppressing Lenin's criticisms (in the postscript of his testament) and expanding the functions of his role, all the while eliminating any opposition. He remained general secretary until the post was abolished in 1952, concurrently serving as the Premier of the Soviet Union from 1941 onward.

Under Stalin's rule, the concept of "Socialism in One Country" became a central tenet of Soviet society, contrary to Leon Trotsky's view that socialism must be spread through continuous international revolutions. He replaced the New Economic Policy introduced by Lenin in the early 1920s with a highly centralised command economy, launching a period of industrialization and collectivization that resulted in the rapid transformation of the USSR from an agrarian society into an industrial power.[3] However, the economic changes coincided with the imprisonment of millions of people in Gulag labour camps.[4] The initial upheaval in agriculture disrupted food production and contributed to the catastrophic Soviet famine of 1932–33, known as the Holodomor in Ukraine. Between 1934 and 1939 he organized and led a massive purge (known as "Great Purge") of the party, government, armed forces and intelligentsia, in which millions of so-called "enemies of the working class" were imprisoned, exiled or executed, often without due process. Major figures in the Communist Party and government, and many Red Army high commanders, were killed after being convicted of treason in show trials.[5]

约瑟夫·斯大林（出生姓：Jughashvili; 1878年12月18日[1] - 1953年3月5日）是苏联从20年代中期直到他去世于1953年领导召开的中央委员会的总书记一职苏联共产党，他有效地是国家的独裁者。

斯大林是最早政治局的七名成员，成立于1917年，以管理布尔什维克革命，沿着列宁，季诺维也夫，加米涅夫，托洛茨基，索柯里尼柯夫和布勃诺夫。[2]在布尔什维克革命者谁在俄国革命参加1917年，斯大林被任命为党的中央委员会在1922年之后，他设法巩固政权下1924年的死亡列宁的通过抑制列宁的批评（在遗书的后记），并扩大他的角色功能总书记，所有的同时消除了任何反对。他保持总书记，直到后期被废除了1952年，兼任苏联的总理从1941年起。

在斯大林的统治下，“一国社会主义”的概念，成为苏联社会的核心原则，违背了托洛茨基的观点，即社会主义必须通过不断的国际革命传播。他取代了列宁在1920年代初与高度集中的计划经济引入了新经济政策，开展为期工业化和集体化，导致苏联从农业社会迅速转变为工业强国。[3]然而，经济变化与数以百万计的人在古拉格劳改营的监禁相吻合。[4]在农业最初的动荡打乱了粮食生产和促进了1932 - 33年的灾难性苏联饥荒，被称为大饥荒在乌克兰。 1934年和1939年之间，他组织和领导了大规模的清洗（俗称“大清洗”）党，政，军和知识分子，其中以百万计的所谓的“工人阶级的敌人”被监禁，流放或处决，往往未经正当程序。在党和政府，以及许多红军指挥员高的重要人物，在公开审判被定为叛国罪后死亡。[5]